A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams Essay

Street Car Named Desire A Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams in 1947, has been called the best play ever written by an American. The geological setting of the play, New Orleans, creates a remarkably blended mood of decadence, nostalgia, and sensuality. The plot of the play comes about through the conflict between a man and his sister-in-law who comes to live at his house with he and his wife. Stanley Kowalski immediately captures the attention of the audience through Williams excellent portrayal of the intensely strong willed character. The portrayal of Stanley Kowalski plays a major role in the success of the play. Williams forms Stanley into an extremely masculine character who will always have his way or no†¦show more content†¦Blanche appears as a character who may possibly jeopardize his position of authority in the household. Williams casts this image of excessive aggressiveness and cruelty upon Stanley not only to form the primary conflict which fully entangles itself in the plot of the play but also to force the reader to look at Stanleys character from different perspectives. In one sense, the audience sees Stanley as a character who commands respect and watches out for himself and his wife, while, in another light, he appears as an overbearing brute. His cruel intolerance of Blanche can be seen as a justifiable response to her lies, hypocrisy, and mockery, but his nasty streak of violence against his wife appalls even his friends. (Masterplots, 6316). These opposing views of the character add to h is essence in the play. The absolute epitome of Stanleys aggression culminates in his rape of Blanche. The utter brutality of Stanley comes forth in this scene as he takes out his aggression with an assault on Blanche. Again, some readers feel that his vicious attack on Blanche comes about as warranted due to the preceding acts of Blanche. †¦for Williams, Blanche is, nonetheless, guilty of abusing and using sensitive men so that her punishment-her rape-fits her crime. (Drama Criticism, 399). Nonetheless, this final exhibition of hostility by Stanley leads to the emotional downfall ofShow MoreRelatedA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1109 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† is a play written by Tennessee Williams. Williams was born in Columbus, Mississippi but with a different name. He changed his name from Thomas Lanier Williams to what the readers know today as Tennessee Williams. (Forman). Williams is widely known for his plays, short stor ies, and poems across the world. He has won many awards for his work such as The New York Critics’ Circle Award and 2 Pulitzer awards. The play â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire he won his first Pulitzer PrizeRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1442 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Tennessee Williams’s play, â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† one can learn a large portion about his personal life. In the play the character, Blanche has a mental illness the same as his sister Rose had in her lifetime. Blanche’s ex-husband was also homosexual and he made the point to say that he left her for a man and Williams himself was also a homosexual. Tennessee chose for the story to be based in New Orleans, which was a crumbling town at the time and Williams was living a crumbling lifeRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams928 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis Paper: A Streetcar Named Desire For my analysis paper, I have chosen the full-length play by Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire. The drama containing several forms of realism was released in December of 1947 and stayed open on Broadway for two years until December of 1949. The play in set in New Orleans, Louisiana in a simi-poor area, but has a certain amount of charm that goes along with it. Williams creates a vast web of emotional conflicts thought all the characters, whichRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire, By Tennessee Williams1629 Words   |  7 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams, was first performed on December 3rd, 1947. Chronicling the actions and events that take place when two sisters are reunited, A Streetcar Named Desire is regarded as one of Tennessee William’s most successful plays. Likewise, â€Å"Blank Space†, written and performed by Taylor Swift, was first performed November 23rd, during the 2014 American Music Awards. â€Å"Blank Space† s pent 22 weeks in the top 40 charts and is featured on the best selling albumRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire In the summer of post World War II in New Orleans, Louisiana lives hard working, hardheaded Stanley and twenty-five year old pregnant, timid Stella Kowalski in a charming two-bedroom apartment on Elysian Fields. Stella’s older sister Blanche Dubois appears in the first scene unexpectedly from Laurel, Mississippi carrying everything she owns. In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, despite Blanche’s desire to start fresh in New Orleans, her snobbish nature, inabilityRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams672 Words   |  3 Pagesof the era—is Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, a tale of one woman’s destruction due to Southern society’s changing moral values. The destruction of the Old Southern society around the main character, Blanche DuBois, causes her to go insane and she cannot stand the low morals that the New South is carrying in its baggage. Because of his Southern roots, Tennessee Williams’ past is able to shine through his work. Born to a drunken shoe maker and a Southern belle, Williams was supportedRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1054 Words   |  5 Pagescalled â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, there are numerous amounts of tragic events that not only affected the person in the event, but others around them as well. A tragedy, or tragic event, is known to bring chaos, destruction, distress, and even discomfort such as a natural disaster or a serious accident. A tragedy in a story can also highlight the downfall of the main character, or sometimes one of the more important character. In this book, â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, written by Tennessee Williams, heRead MoreTennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire929 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Desire’s† Breakdown Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire is a web of themes, complicated scenarios, and clashes between the characters. Therefore, it might’ve been somehow difficult to find out who the protagonist of this play is if it wasn’t for Aristotle’s ideas of a good tragedy because neither of the main characters, Stanley Kowalski and Blanche Dubois, is completely good nor bad. According to Aristotle’s Poetics, a good tragedy requires the protagonist to undergo a change of statusRead MoreTennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire964 Words   |  4 PagesLike many people in the world, the characters in Tennessee William’s play, A Streetcar Named Desire, are troubled by anxiety and insecurities. Life in New Orleans during the 1940s was characterized by the incredible variety of music, lively and bright atmosphere, and diverse population, while in the midst of the ongoing World War II. Culture was rich and fruitful because the city developed into a â€Å"melting pot† of people from all over the world. Due to the wide-range in population, the people ofRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1263 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowth in the suffrage movement in England and the United States, with women struggling to attain political equality. However, this was not to last however, and by the fifties men had reassumed their more dominant role in society. Tennessee Williams wrote A Streetcar Named Desire around the time this reversal was occurring in American society. In this play male dominance is clear. Women are represented as delicate, reserved, and silent, confined to a domestic world that isolated them from the harsh realities

Police Discretion - 1050 Words

Police Discretion Police discretion is the ability to choose a course of action because of broad limits of power. It refers to the autonomy an officer has in choosing an appropriate course of action (The Police In America, 113). It includes authority to decide which of the various means of helping the helpless, maintaining order, and keeping the peace are best suited to particular circumstances (www.worldandi.com/specialreport/1989/january/Sa15878.htm). The police need to have discretion since it is impossible to record everything on what they are supposed to do and not do. We can also understand that if you could record all the rules and regulations it would be too extensive for an individual to comprehend. Looking at the†¦show more content†¦Situation variables include the seriousness of the offense, how it came to the officer s attention, and the visibility of the offense (Policing in America, 259-260). What if there was a weapon, such as a gun, knife, or a sword? There are plenty of times in which an officer will lend more attention to a serious crime and sort of push aside the petty crime. Is that wise to give less attention to petty crimes? What if they grow into bigger, more serious crimes? Referring to the visibility of the offense, it is true that Police tend to become much more bureaucratic when witnesses, an audience, or the media are present (http://ncwc.edu/toconnor/205/205lect09.htm). System variables include an officer s perception of inequities in the law, agency size, the expectations of the community, informal police norms, and the availability of alternatives to arrest (Policing in America, 260-261). We have to remember that the community can play a major role in what influences how the officer will act and respond (261). There are a few situations which include more discretion than other areas. Such important areas of discretion would include domestic violence, drunk driving, hate crimes, mental illness, use ofShow MoreRelatedPolice Discr etion1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Police Discretion Jocelyn Golphin University of the District of Columbia Criminal Justice System 2/21/2014 Golphin 2 Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During trainingRead MorePolice Discretion1548 Words   |  7 PagesPolice Discretion David Gonzalez University of Phoenix Introduction to Policing CJA/370 Professor John W. Feltgen June 23, 2005 Abstract In this paper I will discuss police discretion and the use of these discretionary powers in the law enforcement workplace. I will explore the mythical aspects of police discretionary powers and the source of this myth. I will further discuss the control of discretionary authority. I will name instances of law enforcement officials using their discretionary powersRead MorePolice Abuse Of Discretion And Discretion2015 Words   |  9 Pages Police Abuse of Discretion William Powell Jr. American Military University Professor Robert Arruda CMRJ303 Criminology January 17, 2014 Abstract Utilizing the research from several sources and personal experience, this paper will discuss police abuse of discretion. The paper will begin by defining discretion. The paper will examine several types of discretion variables. The paper will discuss its use in the field and office settings. The paper will discussRead MorePolice Discretion1418 Words   |  6 PagesPolice discretion by definition is the power to make decisions of policy and practice. Police have the choice to enforce certain laws and how they will be enforced. Some law is always or almost always enforced, some is never or almost never enforced, and some is sometimes enforced and sometimes not (Davis, p.1). Similarly with discretion is that the law may not cover every situation a police officer encounters, so they must use their discretion wisely. Until 1956, people thought of police discretionRead MoreDefinition Of Discretion And Police Discretion2054 Words   |  9 PagesThe term discretion has several meanings the liberty to decide what should be done in a specific circumstance is one general universal definition. But when dealing with criminal justice and police work the description changes a bit. The criminal justice definition of discretion is Police discretion discusses the authority given to a police officer that allows him or her to decide how to best handle a certain situation. This is designed at increasing the flexibility of the criminal justice systemRead MorePolice Discretion2131 Words   |  9 PagesDiscretion is defined as the authority to make a decision between two or more choices (Pollock, 2010). More specifically, it is defined as â€Å"the capacity to identify and to document criminal and noncriminal events† (Boivin ump; Cordeau, 2011). Every police officer has a great deal of discretion concerning when to use their authority, power, persuasion, or force. Depending on how an officer sees their duty to society will determine an officer’s discretion. Discre tion leads to selective enforcementRead MorePolice Discretion2677 Words   |  11 PagesFrom a criminological perspective discretion can be defined as the authority granted by law to agencies and officials to act on their own considered judgement and conscience in certain situations; and each area of the legal system (judges, parliament and law enforcement) has its own discretion. Police discretion is the ability granted by the legal system to police offices, in certain situations, to act in a manner that allows authorities to make responsible decisions and individual choices or judgmentsRead MoreEssay on Police Discretion1425 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Discretion Discretion, uncertainly, and inefficiently are rampant and essential in criminal justice. Nobody expects perfection. That would neither be good nor fair. Justice is a sporting event in which playing fair is more important than winning. Law enactment, enforcement, and administration all involve trading off the possibility of perfect outcomes for security against the worst outcomes. Policing is the most visible part of this: employees on the bottom have more discretion thanRead MoreDisadvantages Of Police Discretion835 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 2 Discretion can be defined as the availability of choice of options or actions. We all use discretion each and every day with all the decisions we make in our day to day lives. With that being said police also use discretion but theirs have the ability to change people’s lives on the daily basis. They have to make those decisions each and every day not knowing how it will affect the person’s life. Discretion is something that is a very necessary part of police work. One of the reasonRead MoreEssay On Police Discretion1053 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Discretion is one of the many tool officers have a choice to use when making decision in enforcing the law. Officer have the option to use discretion were the officers see fit. They do not have to issue a citation or arrest in many cases a warning many be justified. Many of the outcomes could be determine by several factors which include the subjects attitude, the crime and the person past history. In some cases, a subjectà ¢â‚¬â„¢s social status and financial status in the community have also have

Total Ozone And 11 Year Solar Cycle Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(85) " over two wide parts in the western and eastern Pacific and taking their difference\." The chief purpose of the present survey is to look into further into the association between entire ozone ( TOZ ) and 11-year solar rhythm ( SC ) , during the period 1979 – 2010 by using satellite observations of TOZ and impulse flux ( MF ) . A positive correlativity between the one-year mean entire ozone ( TOZ ) over both hemispheres and macula figure ( SN ) is found. On the contrary, concentrating on the January and February mean monthly TOZ fluctuations from the equator to the high latitudes, of the Northern Hemisphere no association between TOZ and SN is derived. We will write a custom essay sample on Total Ozone And 11 Year Solar Cycle Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is attributed to the being of the quasi-biennial-oscillation ( QBO ) and the El Ni A ; ntilde ; o-Southern oscillation ( ENSO ) in TOZ clip series, . However, when sing TOZ over the zonary agencies centred at 17.5 A ; deg ; N and 27.5 A ; deg ; N and SN during the old ages of the east stage of QBO in the equatorial zonary air current at 50hPa, a important correlativity between TOZ and SN reveals. These findings are of important importance because solar radiation is a major driving force of the clime system. 1. Introduction Several surveies have shown that fluctuations in the 11-year solar irradiance and subsequent UV soaking up by ozone cause alterations in temperature and air current in the upper stratosphere ( Crooks and Gray, 2005 ; Alexandris et Al. 1999 ; Kondratyev and Varotsos 1996 ; Katsambas et Al. 1997 ) . These comparatively weak direct alterations could change the upward extension of planetary-scale moving ridges and lead to an indirect feedback on the lower ambiance through a alteration of the stratospheric mean circulation – Brewer- Dobson circulation ( Gernandt et al. 1995 ; Kodera and Kuroda, 2002 ; Tzanis and Varotsos, 2008 ; Cracknell and Varotsos 1994, 1995 ; Efstathiou et al. , 2003 ; Gernandt et al. , 1995 ; Varotsos, 2002, 2005 ; Varotsos et Al. 1994 ; Varotsos 1989, 2004 ) Matthes et Al. ( 2010 ) indicated that the one-year mean solar response in temperature and ozone in the upper stratosphere is in qualitative understanding with other mold and experimental surveies and does non depend on the presence of the imposed quasi-biennial oscillation ( QBO ) of equatorial air current. However, the solar response in the center to take down stratosphere differs significantly for the two QBO stages. During solar maxima a weaker Brewer-Dobson circulation with comparative downwelling, warming, and enhanced ozone occurs in the tropical lower stratosphere during QBO east conditions, while a stronger circulation, chilling, and decreased ozone exists during QBO west conditions. During QBO east, the combination of production and advection resulted in the net ozone addition, whereas during QBO west, the effects cancel each other and consequence in small net ozone alterations. Matthes et Al. ( 2010 ) showed besides that during Southern Hemisphere ( SH ) tardily winter to early spring, the solar response at polar latitudes switches mark between the two QBO stages and qualitatively confirms observations and other recent theoretical account surveies. Lu et Al. ( 2009 ) proposed some penetrations on the QBO modulated 11-year solar rhythm signals in Northern Hemisphere ( NH ) winter temperature and zonary air current. They used day-to-day ERA-40 Reanalysis and ECMWF Operational information for the period of 1958-2006 in order to analyze the seasonal development of the QBO-solar rhythm relationship at assorted force per unit area degrees up to the stratopause. The consequences showed that the solar signals in the NH winter extratropics are so QBO-phase dependant, traveling poleward and downward as winter progresses with a faster descent rate under westerly QBO than under eastern QBO. In the stratosphere, the signals seemed to be extremely important in late January to early March and have a life span of ?30-50 yearss. Under western QBO, the stratospheric solar signals clearly lead and connected to those in the troposphere in late March and early April where they have a life span of ?10 yearss. Sitnov ( 2009 ) utilizing entire ozone informations obtained in the period of 1957 – 2007 at 10 ground-based European Stationss, investigated the effects of the QBO and 11-year solar rhythm, attesting in entire column ozone. In this work, it was derived that solar activity modulates the stage of the QBO consequence so that the quasi-biennial entire ozone signals during solar upper limit and solar lower limit are about in opposite stage. It was besides demonstrated that stray under lasting conditions of solar lower limit or solar upper limit the QBO effects in entire ozone have the clip graduated table of about 20 months. Titova and Karol ( 2010 ) holding applied the method of discriminant analysis to the TOMS informations of satellite sounding of the entire ozone content ( TOC ) in the March months of 1979-2008, attempted to do a new estimation of the TOC field variableness in the Northern Hemisphere and inter-longitudinal regularities of its alterations under the action of climatic variableness. The effects of temperature fluctuations in the polar stratosphere, El Ni A ; ntilde ; o -Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) and QBO seemed to be comparable and make 80 DU in some parts. Titova and Karol ( 2010 ) besides proposed that the parts of TOC fluctuations and their location and dimensions change depending on the stages of QBO, AO, and ENSO. Three parts of increased TOC-over Europe, Eastern Siberia, and the Pacific Ocean-are formed in old ages with a warm stratosphere. A counterbalancing TOC lessening takes topographic point in the Torrid Zones and over Greenland. In the old ages of El Ni A ; ntilde ; O and the eastern QBO stage, the TOC increases over Europe and drops over the cardinal Pacific, every bit good as to the South from 45 A ; deg ; N. Ziemke et Al. ( 2010 ) established an ENSO index utilizing column ozone informations measured in tropical latitudes from Nimbus 7 TOMS, Earth Probe TOMS, NOAA SBUV, and Aura OMI orbiter instruments. This index, which covered a clip period from 1979 to the present, was defined as the Ozone ENSO Index ( OEI ) and it was the first developed from atmospheric hint gas measurings. OEI was constructed by first averaging monthly average column ozone over two wide parts in the western and eastern Pacific and taking their difference. You read "Total Ozone And 11 Year Solar Cycle Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" The combined Aura OMI and MLS ozone informations confirmed that zonary variableness in entire column ozone in the Torrid Zones caused by ENSO events lies about wholly in the troposphere. As a consequence, OEI can be derived straight from entire column ozone alternatively of tropospheric column ozone. For clear-sky ozone measurements a +1 K alteration in Nino 3. 4 index corresponds to +2.9DU ( Dobson Unit ) alteration in OEI, while a +1 hPa alteration in Southern Oscillation index coincides with a ?1.7DU alteration in the OEI. For ozone measurings under all cloud conditions these Numberss are +2.4DU and ?1.4DU, severally. Soukharev ( 1997 ) analyzing the monthly agencies of entire ozone, in months January to March between 1973 – 1995 on five Stationss in Northeastern Europe, indicated statistically important correlativities between the fluctuations of entire ozone in February and, partly, in March, and the SN during the different stages of QBO. Similar correspondence was established between the index of stratospheric circulation and SN sing the QBO stage. Based on the obtained correlativities between the interannual fluctuations of ozone and stratospheric circulation index, Soukharev concluded that a connexion between solar rhythm – QBO – ozone occurs through the kineticss of stratospheric circulation. Varotsos ( 1989 ) analyzing the planetary TOZ, during the period 1958-1984, suggested that there was non any apparent connexion between TOZ and 10.7 centimeter solar flux ( F10.7 ) . However, when the informations were separated harmonizing to the E or west stage of QBO in the equatorial stratosphere, it was derived that entire ozone was positively correlated ( anticorrelated ) with the solar rhythm, during the West ( east ) stage of QBO. The chief purpose of this work is to research farther the association between TOZ and solar activity, from the equator to the high latitudes in both Hemispheres over the last three solar rhythms. 2. Datas and analysis QBO informations used in the present paper were calculated at the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory-Physical Science Division ( NOAA/ESRL-PSD ) from the zonary norm of the 30mb zonary air current at the equator. Those informations were computed from the NCEP/NCAR Additionally, the average monthly macula Numberss ( SN ) derived from the datasets of the National Geophysical Data Center ( NGDC ) , during the period January 1749 – October 2009, were employed. TOZ informations set, was obtained from Nimbus-7, Meteor-3, and Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS ) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument ( OMI ) , covering the period 1979-2010 ( with measuring spreads for several months of the old ages 1994, 1995 and 1996 ) . Momentum Flux ( MF ) measurings between 45 A ; deg ; N and 75 A ; deg ; N, through 1979 – 2010, obtained by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center, were besides used. Finally, Ozone ENSO index ( OEI ) measurings obtained by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 613.3 Chemistry and Dynamics Branch, in the Torrid Zones during 1979 – 2010, were employed ( Ziemke et al. , 2010 ) . All clip series presented in this survey were normalized ( the long-run mean subtracted and so devided by the standard divergence ) and detrended. 3. Discussion and Consequences Several surveies argued that when the solar UV radiation is stronger, more ozone via the photolysis of O2 would be formed in the upper stratosphere, so that the maximal ozone degree would happen at the maximal solar activity. Very late, Haigh et Al. ( 2010 ) have noticed that during the worsening stage of the most recent ’11-year ‘ solar rhythm ( occurred during 2002-2009 ) there was a four to six times larger diminution in UV than would hold been predicted on the footing of our old apprehension. Haigh et Al. ( 2010 ) suggested that this decrease was partly compensated in the entire solar end product by an addition in radiation at seeable wavelengths. More unusually, they have besides showed that these spectral alterations appear to hold led to a important diminution from 2004 to 2007 in stratospheric ozone below an height of 45 kilometers, with an addition above this height. Therefore, it is interesting to re-visit the probe of the influence of the solar activity to the column ozone variableness on a planetary and hemispheric footing. 3.1. The entire ozone and solar rhythm on a planetary and hemispheric footing Along the lines above the 11-year solar rhythm and the TOZ one-year average fluctuations over the Earth, the NH and the SH, during the last solar rhythms are shown in Figure cubic decimeter ( a ) , ( B ) , ( degree Celsius ) , severally. Inspection of Figure 1 shows that an evident solar rhythm is outstanding in the TOZ information. To quantify this association the correlativity coefficients were calculated and derived statistically important ( at 95 % assurance degree ) by utilizing the non-parametric Spearman method. a ) B ) degree Celsiuss ) Figure 1. Annual average TOZ and macula figure ( as a placeholder for the 11-year solar rhythm ) over ( a ) the Earth, ( B ) the northern hemisphere, ( degree Celsius ) the southern hemisphere, during 1979 – 2010. TOZ and SN clip series have been normalized and detrended. This in-phase March of TOZ and solar activity is non surprising and it is rather consistent with the current apprehension about the solar forcing in TOZ kineticss. Harmonizing to this, the upper stratospheric ozone response ( 2-3 % between solar lower limit and solar upper limit ) is a direct radiative consequence of warming and photochemistry. The lower stratospheric solar rhythm in tropical ozone appears to be caused indirectly through a dynamical response to solar ultraviolet fluctuations. However, the beginning of such a dynamical response to the solar rhythm is non to the full understood ( WMO 2010 ) . 3.2. The entire ozone on the wintertime Northern Hemisphere and solar rhythm To acquire a better apprehension of the afore-mentioned dynamical TOZ response, the probe of the plausible relationship between TOZ and solar activity would be performed at the wintertime government of the ambiance. Of class, during winter months, the solar rhythm signal is weak compared to big atmospheric fluctuations and the signal is hence more hard to pull out ( Labitzke and new wave Loon, 1988 ) . In an effort to farther research this job, the fluctuations of the average TOZ over the NH during January/February and the corresponding SN values during the period 1979 – 2010 are plotted in Figure 2 ( a ) . a ) B ) Figure 2. ( a ) ( Jan+Feb ) /2 TOZ and SN over the northern hemisphere, during 1979 – 2010. ( B ) The running correlativities ( Rhode Island ) for twelvemonth I between the equatorial zonary air current at 50 hPa and the average TOZ for January and February. TOZ and SN clip series have been normalized and detrended. The decision drawn from Figure 1 ( a ) is that a quasi-periodic constituent ( 2- 4 year ) in the Northern Hemispheric TOZ clip series reduces unusually the above mentioned correlativity between TOZ and SN fluctuations. To look into whether this taint of the association of the TOZ and SN fluctuations by the QBO is a map of the solar activity the method of running correlativities was employed ( Kodera ( 1993 ) . The consequences obtained are shown in Figure 2 ( B ) where the running correlativities ( Rhode Island ) for twelvemonth I between the equatorial zonary air current at 50 hPa and the average TOZ for January and February do non demo an 11-y signal ( figure 2b ) . Therefore, the above-said taint by the QBO of equatorial air current, is independent of the solar rhythm, upseting any evident association between TOZ and SN. 3.3. The latitudinal dependance of the association between the wintertime TOZ and solar rhythm at the Northern Hemisphere Next, the probe of the possible association between the TOZ and SN is explored as a map of latitude. In this respect, Haigh ( 1994 ) have reported that due to the seasonality, the stratospheric ozone alterations due to solar flux fluctuation are largest at center to high latitudes in the winter hemisphere. Figure 3 ( a-f ) present the January / February mean TOZ and SN from the equator to the high latitudes, during 1979 – 2010. All these figures do non demo any evident correlativity between TOZ and solar activity, due to the taint by the quasi-periodic oscillations ( QBO and ENSO ) in the TOZ clip series. a ) B ) degree Celsiuss ) vitamin E ) vitamin D ) degree Fahrenheit ) Figure 3. ( Jan+Feb ) /2 TOZ and SN at ( a ) 7.5 A ; deg ; N, ( B ) 17.5 A ; deg ; N, ( degree Celsius ) 27.5 A ; deg ; N, ( vitamin D ) 37.5 A ; deg ; N, ( vitamin E ) 47.5 A ; deg ; N, ( degree Fahrenheit ) 57.5 A ; deg ; N, during 1979 – 2010. All clip series have been normalized and detrended. However, the solar response in the winter entire ozone at 17.5 A ; deg ; N and 27.5 A ; deg ; N seemed to differ significantly under the two QBO stages. Other surveies have besides identified solar influences on the strength and extent of the Walker circulation, that is a cell circulation in the zonal and perpendicular waies in the tropical troposphere caused by differences in heat distribution between ocean and land. Meehl et Al. ( 2008 ) and vanLoon et Al. ( 2007 ) showed a strengthening of the Walker circulation, at peak old ages of the 11-year solar rhythm, It should be reminded that when the Walker cell weakens or contraries, an El Ni A ; ntilde ; o consequences, and when Walker cell becomes strong causes a La Ni A ; ntilde ; a. 3.4. The association between the wintertime TOZ and solar rhythm at the Northern tropics ; the function of the QBO and ENSO In the followers, the January and February mean TOZ and SN informations were grouped harmonizing to the QBO stages of the equatorial zonary air current at 50hPa and were plotted against the OEI at 17.5 A ; deg ; N and 27.5 A ; deg ; N ( figure 4a-d ) . During the west stage of QBO, a statistically important anticorrelation between TOZ and OEI clip series is evident, ensuing in a quasi periodic constituent that coincides with ENSO ( Ziemke et al. 2010 ) and causes no correlativity between TOZ and SN. On the other manus, during the east stage of QBO, TOZ clip series exhibits the 11-year signal. a ) B ) degree Celsiuss ) vitamin D ) Figure 4. ( Jan+Feb ) /2 TOZ and SN at 17.5 A ; deg ; N during ( a ) the west stage of QBO and ( B ) the east stage of QBO. ( Jan+Feb ) /2 TOZ and SN at 27.5 A ; deg ; N during ( degree Celsius ) the west stage of QBO and ( vitamin D ) the east stage of QBO. The dotted lines present the OEI through 1979 – 2010 in the West and east stages of QBO. All clip series have been normalized and detrended. In the undermentioned, figure 5 ( a ) presents the February mean TOZ and SN at 17.5 A ; deg ; N, during 1979-2010, while figures 5 ( B ) , ( degree Celsius ) show the February TOZ and macula figure when the informations were grouped in the West and east stage of QBO, severally. Inspection of these figures shows an evident correlativity between TOZ and the 11-year solar rhythm, during QBO east ( statistically important correlativity at 95 % assurance degree ) . The ENSO constituent is noticeable one time more in the TOZ clip series when the informations were grouped in the west stage of QBO and is anticorrelated with OEI ( figure 5 ( B ) ) . B ) a ) degree Celsiuss ) Figure 5. February average TOZ and SN at 17.5 A ; deg ; N, through 1979-2010 ( a ) independently of the QBO stages, ( B ) for the western stages of QBO and ( degree Celsius ) for the eastern stages of QBO. The thin line with the symbol ten, in ( a ) , corresponds to the smoothened clip series of the February mean TOZ. All clip series have been normalized and detrended. a ) B ) Figure 6. ( a ) February mean TOZ at 17.5 A ; deg ; N against equatorial zonary air current at 50hPa, ( B ) temporal development of QBO upper limit and lower limit, during 1979 – 2010. All clip series have been normalized and detrended. To analyze farther the part of the QBO in the equatorial zonary air current at 50 hPa to the association between the February TOZ at 17.5 A ; deg ; N and OEI the figure 6 ( a ) is shown.. Figure 6a shows the statistically important anticorrelation between OEI and TOZ, but no any association of TOZ with QBO. The latter can likely be explained by the fact that TOZ exhibits OEI and it is modulated by the temporal development of QBO upper limit and lower limit. To give an penetration to it Figure 6 ( B ) depicts the temporal development of the difference between consecutive QBO upper limit and [ ( soap ( i+1 ) – soap ( I ) ] and the temporal development of the difference between consecutive QBO lower limit [ min ( i+1 ) – min ( I ) ] for twelvemonth ( I ) . Both the differences in the consecutive upper limit and the differences in the consecutive lower limit of QBO demonstrate the ENSO signal. 3.5. The association between the wintertime TOZ and solar rhythm at the Northern high latitudes ; the function of the QBO and ENSO Finally, in order to research the function of the atmospheric kineticss to the relationship between the TOZ and solar rhythm the interannual variableness of the February mean impulse flux ( MF ) between 45 A ; deg ; N and 75 A ; deg ; N at 50hPa, during 1979 – 2010 was studied. , . Figure 7 ( a ) depicts the clip series of MF and SN for February, while figures 7b, degree Celsius show the impulse flux and macula figure when the informations were grouped harmonizing to the QBO stage. Harmonizing to Figure 1 ( degree Celsius ) , during the old ages of the east stage of QBO an evident anticorrelation between MF and the 11-year solar rhythm is observed. A plausible account is the fact that in winter months, the polar whirl is sensitive to equatorial air current. In this context, Salby and Callaghan ( 2000 ) have found that alterations in the polar-night whirl are consistent with the solar signature observed in wintertime records of polar temperature that have been stratified harm onizing to the QBO of equatorial air current. B ) a ) degree Celsiuss ) Figure 7. February average MF and SN between 45 A ; deg ; N and 75 A ; deg ; N, through 1979-2010 ( a ) independently of the QBO stages, ( B ) for the western stages of QBO and ( degree Celsius ) for the eastern stages of QBO. All clip series have been normalized and detrended. Another decision drawn from Figure 7 is that the increased dynamical variableness occurs during the west stage of the equatorial QBO and the winter whirl is significantly weakened during solar upper limit and western stage of the quasi-biennial oscillation. 4. Decisions In this survey, a statistically important correlativity was derived between the one-year mean TOZ and SN over the Earth, the northern and the southern hemisphere, through 1979 – 2010. The evident 11-year signals in TOZ were obtained without any grouping of ozone informations harmonizing to the QBO stages of equatorial air current. Furthermore, sing the January and February mean TOZ and SN over the NH, an obvious quasi-periodic constituent was seen in the TOZ clip series, cut downing perceptibly the above mentioned correlativity between TOZ and 11-year solar rhythm. No evident correlativity was besides derived analyzing the January and February mean TOZ and SN from the equator to the high latitudes, due to the quasi-periodic constituent in the TOZ clip series, caused likely by the quasi-periodic oscillations. Concentrating on the January and February mean TOZ and SN at 17.5 A ; deg ; N and 27.5 A ; deg ; N, TOZ clip series revealed an 11-year signal during the eastern QBO stages and an ENSO signal during the western QBO stages. The correlativity between TOZ and the 11-year solar rhythm, in the east stage of QBO becomes higher for February. Finally, analyzing the February mean MF between 45 A ; deg ; N and 75 A ; deg ; N at 50hPa, during 1979 – 2010, eastern stages of QBO seemed to do an obvious anticorrelation between MF and the 11-year solar rhythm. How to cite Total Ozone And 11 Year Solar Cycle Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Principles And Practice Of Risk Assessment - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Principles And Practice Of Risk Assessment. Answer: Introduction The aim of the current study is to prepare a risk assessment plan for the Eastman Chemical Company. This is one of the major fortune 500 companies that is based in US, which mainly specializes in providing quality chemicals that are used in all types of commercial purposes. They also provide fibers that are needed for the everyday activity. The company has currently has more 40 manufacturing units in all the major nations across the globe. The risk assessment plan of the organization will be based upon its internal business environment. It will therefore help to ensure all the employees within the organization are able to work in health and safety environment. The risk assessment plan will mainly focus upon 5 type of hazardous activities which are as follows: Stress at work: Stress is considered to be one of the most common cause of mental illness among workers in the internal business environment. Nearly 1 million workers leave from their jobs due to the effect of occupational stress (Siegrist 2016). Slips, trips and falls: This type of risk is mainly common among employees doing heavy physical activities that involves high level of hazards. Nearly 40% of the injuries that occurred in workplace are mainly due to slip, trips and fall. Fire: The fire safety protocols are required to protect all assets of the organization. Having fire safety insurance is highly essential in this context. Confined space: The confined space within the workplace can increase the hazard of toxic atmosphere that can compromise upon the health and safety level of the workers. Nearly 50% of all the diseases that are caused due to unhealthy workplace atmosphere are due to working within a confined space (Brum 2016). Fall from height: The unsafety work stations within the workplace can result in accidents like fall from height. This is mainly caused due to the absence of standard work place plan that can increase the risks of falling. The business environment within the chemical manufacturing unit is considered to have high levels of riskthat is caused due to the hazardous substance that are being involved in the workplace. WSH legal requirements (Singapore based) It is one of the major legal duty of the organization is to provide high levels of safe and healthy environment. This can be achieved by identifying all the major hazards that are associated with the work profile of every organization. The Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006 was implemented by the government in Singapore that will help in providing maximum possible occupational safety that is needed in the context of providing safety at the workplace (Ministry of Manpower Singapore 2018). This act can be implemented in all types of workplaces and it is essential for all the organizations in Singapore to the follow the protocol of this act to ensure minimum legal risks are involved. It will also help to ensure high workplace reputation. According to the framework of the following principles are developed: Reduce the chance of occurring the source by identifying its original source. The industry needs to take full responsibility and the ownership of all types of risks that will help to minimize the same. Companies have to pay higher penalty for any types of accidents that will occur due to the failure of safety management (Ministry of Manpower Singapore 2018). In the given context, the Work Injury Compensation Actwas implemented to ensure that all the employees within the organization get proper advantage and compensatory funds for the accidents that are caused due to the mismanagement of the standard safety protocols (Ministry of Manpower Singapore 2018). The major types of injuries that occur within the workplace includes that from fire outbreak, Slips, trips and fall from heights. In the context of the Chemical industry, the Fire Safety Act is highly essential that are implemented by the Singapore Civil Defense Force. All the workplaces, which have high risk of catching up with fire due to the use of flammable materials need to have special protocol for the fire safety measures. This will help them to get the fire safety license (Ministry of Manpower Singapore 2018). Benefits According toBahr (2014), due to the involvement of high levels of risks and hazards within the workplace can be the causes for high levels stress within the employees. For a chemical industry like that of Eastman, the major issues at the work place is due to the high levels of risks and chemical hazards that are generally involved at the workplace. The health and safety environment with the workplace is therefore essential to improve the motivation levels and encourage the workers to take the extra efforts. Fernndez-Muizet al.(2014), have added in the context that with the introduction of the safety protocols in the forms of work place safety management, it is possible to increase the level of awareness among the employees. The workplace reputation within an organization is also dependent upon the health and safety procedures that are being applied. Effective Risk Management It is important to follow certain fixed steps for implementing effective risk management plan. In the context of the Eastman Chemical company it essential to implement the safety protocol depending upon the particular hazards that are involved within the respective workplace. The initial step of the risk management plan is to implement a definite framework for assessing all the risks. Proper mapping process can also be implemented that will help in the purpose of identifying all the hazard and in particular respect the chemical company. The company also need to held counseling sessions with every group of employees which will help them to identify all the major risks and issues that are confronted at the workplace. It is also possible to understand the mental health condition of the patient thereby predicting the cause of stress at workplace (Hopkin 2017) The company need to assign efficient risk managers, who are currently having high level of experience at the job profile of chemical industry. It is thereby possible to predict all forms of adverse situations that can be encountered within the manufacturing unit of Eastman Chemicals. The risk manager also need to propose a wide range of solutions that can be implemented on the basis of the current workplace scenario. After identification of the discs with the help of proper planning and evaluation it is important to properly define the same. This will help to ensure that the root cause of hazardous activities. In the following step it is important to classify all the risks on the basis of threat levels. For example, in the context of the chemical industry the threat of fire unconfined space is high compared to that of fall from height. The stress at work is also high due to the fact that all the employees have to work under high critical conditions. As the level of threat for each hazards are classified it is necessary to perceive the same. The context of the chemical industry the main focus of safety protocols should be upon fire control act. It is also essential to held regular mental counselling sessions, which are needed to deal with high level of workplace stress. The management also need to keep a proper record of all the risk incident that occurred within the organization. This record will help to provide detailed information for implementation of future safety protocols (Drennan et al. 2014). The risk assessment process need to be done on regular time interval. This will help to ensure that all the heavy machineries that are used in the manufacturing unit are properly maintained. With the help of this risk management plan, it is possible for the Eastman Chemical company to get proper information relevant to high level of hazards that are involved within the workplace. Recommended risk assessment process/ action required The threats at the workplace of Eastman chemical company can be accessed with the help of a risk assessment template. This will help in the natters of implementimng intervenrtion techniques. This will encompass all potential hazard that can compromise upon the safety level of the employees. Proper documentation in the forms of electromic databases are kept of all the safety protocols are required that will help in the purpose of providing training to the Employees. Types of Risks Level of Threats Proper Preventive Measures /Recommendations Duty of the Employees Stress at work Medium Mental Couselling sessions with individual employees to help them inherit the skills of time management and the ways to deal with the pressure at the workplace Raise the personal issues to the managememt that they encounter at the workplace due to lack of proper risk assessmemt tools Slips, trips and falls Medium Better level of infrastructure during the constution of manufacturing unit Act with cautious while carrying out risky activities. Fire High Fire safet infrastructure that includes installing of fire extinguishers and developiong of the proper fire safety exist route. The company also needs to have fire insurance that will help in the process of damage recovery. Get proper training for the acting swiftly during the time of fire emergency. Also act with cautious while dealing with all tyoes of volatotile substances. Confined Space Low Have proper ventellation at the workplace Fall from Height Low Use of proper quality matrials while developing infrastructure Risk assessmemnt chart for Eastman Chemical Recommendations: Development of infrastructure which will reduce the chances of slips, trips and falls within the manufacturing units such as using chips for increasing the friction of the pavement surfaces. Installation of fire extinguishers at each and every entry and exit Additionally development of fire insurance policies for providing accidental coverage can help in coping up with aftermaths. The site should be properly ventiliated to reduce the risk of closed space disasters such as suffocation due to leakage of poisonous gases. Quantitative vs. qualitative As per the research work of McNeil et al. (2015), it is essential for an organization to analyses both quantitative and qualitative aspect of the risk management plan. In the respect of qualitative method, it is possible to describe theoretical aspect of each risks and hazards. In this context the risk assessment can be described as a process of combining all the relevant evidences and information that are collected from respective practical event. In this process the risk is characterized and represented mainly in the form of non-numerical data (Grote 2015). On the other hand, in quantitative method of risk analysis, it is essential to collect to categories the risk and hazard depending upon their chances of occurring. For example, in the context of the chemical industry the risk of chemical contamination is much higher compared to that of workplace stress. It essentially uses numerical data to analyses the risk involved within an environment. For the management of Eastman Chemical company, it is essential to implement the qualitative procedure in order to identify the threat level of each risk and hazards. This will be possible by calculating the probability of occurring of each risks. On the other hand, the qualitative method will help to identify proper intervention measures for each types of risks. For example, in case of fire risk assessment, the qualitative procedures will help to ensure that all the equipment that are needed to deal with fire outbreak situations are kept as basic infrastructure resource of the company. This can include Fire extinguisher machine and alternative exit route for fire escape. Strengths of chosen risk assessment The major strength of the existing risk assessment plan of the Eastman Chemical company includes the following. The company is considering the major legal procedures of workplace safety that include the fire safety protocol and Work Injury Compensation act The risk assessment plan also includes identifying the root cause of all the hazards. Proper training procedures are also included within the plan that will ensure that the enoployees are able to cope up with the emergency situations such as using personal protective equipments effectively, isolating people from the hazard during emergency situations such as fire. In this regard , fire management training can be provided to the workers. Both quantitative and qualitative approach of risk assessment will help to maximize the opportunity of risk planning by highlighting the areas where there are loopholes such as infrasrutural deficit, improperly working fire extinguishers. The past records of accidents within the site of work can be used for framing of future safety directives which helps in the implementation of best practice methods witin the construction sites. Weakness of chosen risk assessment Following on the weakness of the existing risk assessment plan It will be highly challenging for the risk Manager to categories each and every form of hazard activities. Due to the fast changing scenario at the workplace it will be highly challenging for the management of the Eastman chemical to bring about modification in the safety protocols. As the total number of employees within the organization increases, it will not be possible for the management to include all the workers within the existing safety protocols. Communication Communication is believed to be one of the essential component of implementing effective risk assessment plan in the context of the Eastman Chemical company. The management need to implement essential communication strategy that is necessary in the context of implementing proper culture of safety (Drennanet al. 2014). The management need to held regular training and discussion session with the employees, which will help them to share important thoughts and information related to risk and hazardous activities. Hence, it will be possible to increase the level of awareness of every worker that will help them to effectively imply the safety protocols (Radawski et al. 2015). Verbal, written, graphic Effective verbal form of communication with the employees in the form of team meetings can help to highlight about the issues related to health and safety hazards. Verbal communication can also be conducted in virtual meetings, where the employees will get the opportunity to directly interact with higher authority (Brum 2016). It is essential to share accurate information through the form of verbal communication, which can thereby minimise the chance of all forms of misunderstanding or misconception that can compromise upon the health and safety procedures (Bahr 2014). It is also important to note that verbal form of communication are considered to be one of the effective ways that can help in establishing workplace safety culture. Written information in the form of proper document also essential. This can be presented as a book for health and safety protocols and are provided to every group of employees. Additionally, graphical representation are also essential to ensure that all the employees understand the practical application of Health and safety guidelines (Fernndez-Muiz et al. 2016). Training It is highly essential for the management of Eastman chemical to provide health and safety training for the working staff. The main content of the training will focus upon providing ideas of emergency protocols that are needed to be followed during the time of crisis. For example, in case of fire breakout employees need to have the basic training for evacuation. As the company involves using of harsh raw materials for manufacturing chemicals, it is essential for the employees to have proper level of knowledge about the ways to handle the same and ensure minimum chance of accident (Nasirzadehet al. 2014). Correct Equipment and tools Proper equipment that include safety mask and gloves are highly essential to ensure that the workers are not directly exposed to harmful chemicals in the process of manufacturing. Proper first aid equipment are also needed for all types of emergency and accidental situations. Safety Promotion The company needs to regular safety promotion program and workshop, which can also be held in the form of team meetings and group discussions. In this type of program it is possible to raise important issues related to health and safety protocols. The employees can also be given proper practical training so that they can efficiently during the time of crisis (Zhao and Lucas 2015). Employees can also be given mental counselling sessions, which can help them to deal with high level of workplace stress. As the workers are able to perform efficiently under critical situation, the chance of risk automatically reduces (McNeil et al. 2015). Conclusion (Wellbeing) The risk of fire outbreak is considered to be the highest in a context of workplace of Eastman chemicals. There is also major risk of confined space, where the employees have the risk of chemical contamination. All these risk and hazard situations raises the chance of workplace stress. The level of employee well-being therefore depends upon the ability of the organisation to promote health and safety protocols. It is also essential for the employees to manage high level of workplace stress, which can help them to provide high level of organisational productivity. References Bahr, N.J., 2014. System safety engineering and risk assessment: a practical approach. Florida:CRC Press, pp. 105-225. Brum, M.C.B., 2016. What Conditions Should Be Assessed in Evaluating Individuals Who Work in Confined Spaces?.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 58(4), pp.e152-3. Drennan, L.T., McConnell, A. and Stark, A., 2014. Risk and crisis management in the public sector. Abingdon :Routledge, pp. 263-362. Fernndez-Muiz, B., Montes-Pen, J.M. and Vzquez-Ords, C.J., 2014. Safety leadership, risk management and safety performance in Spanish firms. Safety science, 70, pp.295-307. Grote, G., 2015. Promoting safety by increasing uncertaintyImplications for risk management. Safety science, 71, pp.71-79. Hopkin, P., 2017. Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. London:Kogan Page Publishers, pp. 226-321. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015. Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. New Jersey:Princeton university press, pp.165-251. Ministry of Manpower Singapore. (2018).Legislation for workplace safety and health. [online] Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/legislation/workplace-safety-and-health [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Ministry of Manpower Singapore. (2018).Workplace Safety and Health Act. [online] Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/workplace-safety-and-health/workplace-safety-and-health-act [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Nasirzadeh, F., Khanzadi, M. and Rezaie, M., 2014. Dynamic modeling of the quantitative risk allocation in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(3), pp.442-451. Radawski, C., Morrato, E., Hornbuckle, K., Bahri, P., Smith, M., Juhaeri, J., Mol, P., Levitan, B., Huang, H.Y., Coplan, P. and Li, H., 2015. BenefitRisk Assessment, Communication, and Evaluation (BRACE) throughout the life cycle of therapeutic products: overall perspective and role of the pharmacoepidemiologist. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 24(12), pp.1233-1240. Siegrist, J., 2016. Stress in the workplace. The New Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology, p.268. Zhao, D. and Lucas, J., 2015. Virtual reality simulation for construction safety promotion. International journal of injury control and safety promotion, 22(1), pp.57-67.